Equipment
Paper - I generally use £1 pads from Hyper Value, but I have heard a number of times that
Bristol Board is the best. I've just recently started using it, and it is really good. I've found that I've had to shade a lot heavier, but drawing is much quicker using it. If you do not have access to a good art shop, try to find paper that is at least 135gsm, and relatively smooth.
Pencils - I cannot stress the importance of having high quality pencils. I find
Derwent are definitely the best I've used, in particular their
Sketching range. I also use
Staedler Mars Lumographs.These are really black pencils (though not coloured pencils) which are
essential for depth, as well as creating effective and dramatic drawings. If you do not create a high enough contrast, your drawings can appear flat and dull, like
Captain Barbossa. I use a 4B in the Derwent range, as this is soft enough to blend and can cover light and medium shades well. The Mars Lumograph (which I use in 8B) covers dark to black black shades, and can be used over the Derwent sketching to help with gradual tones (e.g. the background of
Holiday Golightly. If your pencil becomes too short, use a
pencil extender because there's no need to make it uncomfortable to draw. If the wood around the lead of your pencil is rough, it is a sign you need a new pencil sharpener.
Blending Tools - To hide pencil lines in a drawing, you need a blending tool of some sort. I use eyeshadow applicators because they give a really smooth, and almost translucent finish (see
Marilyn's skin), but they can also give a rougher finish (see
Captain Jack's skin. These can found in any shop that sells make up, but can be found in bulk on some online stores. A very popular option for blending is tortillion, which can be found usually in any shop with basic art supplies. I bought a set of six different sizes by Crimson + Blake from The Works for 99p, though you can
make your own. In my personal experience, tortillion is very quick to use, and due to its point can do detailed areas well, though I tend to get a much rougher finish than with eyeshadow applicators. I have heard of people using cotton buds, cotton wool and tissues. You might want to practice blending with a few different items to see which suits you best. With this tutorial, I shall be using eyeshadow applicators
Kneadable Erasers - I find that a normal eraser is really useless for drawing. Most pencil artists use a kneadable eraser already, but in case you don't, my favourite is WH Smith's own brand. (N.B. Don't buy anything else from WH Smiths for art - especially pencils - they're absolutely dreadful.)
Getting Started
Make sure your hands are clean and dry before drawing. You can rest a tissue under your hand as you draw to stop it ruining your paper with oil from your skin, but I find this uncomfortable.
In my experience, it's best not to draw with paper flat on a desk. It distorts proportions and unless you hunch over you never get an accurate view. Try to recreate the angle an artist painting at an easel has. A table easel is good, as well as leaning a drawing board against a desk, though I tend to use one of those lap trays for your dinner and sit lengthways on a sofa.
Remember, if you move your paper, move your reference with it. You cannot be expected to draw at an angle, and mentally adjust the reference at the same time.
To distract from the amount of time you are spending on a drawing, I recommend watching TV while you draw. If you are drawing a celebrity, watch something that they are in, as it will give a better understanding of their features.
When choosing a reference, choose carefully. Think about what you want to achieve with your drawing. If you are drawing an image of a celebrity, do you want it to be refreshing or iconic? For example, everyone has seen
this picture of Marilyn Monroe, and has been used a lot to draw. However, if you find a less used image, your drawing will be striking for your ability and the 'new' quality it holds. For an idea of what is overused, do a search on DeviantART and see what comes up. Also, an image may not be overused, but a very talented artist has already drawn it. I mean, I adore
imaginee's
Marilyn Monroe, and I love the photograph she used as a reference, but I would not dream of drawing it myself after she has done it so beautifully, and feel there is nothing I could add to it.
Look for things in your reference, that although your eye accepts in a photograph, will scrutinise in a drawing. For example,
Audrey Hepburn's mouth. I started drawing this before I had looked at the reference properly, and realised how difficult her mouth would be to draw at that angle. Don't make my mistake!
Choose a high quality image. If the reference is not of a high quality, your drawing won't be either. Glossy magazines are a good source, and you may want to consider a subscription in whatever subject matter you're most interested in. General photography magazines are useful if you like a very varied subject matter. Newspaper photographs are generally poor for reference use, but if you contact the newspaper, they usually have them for sale at a better quality. For animals and celebrities, calendars are also a good source. If like me, you're interested in the Golden era of Hollywood, I recommend finding a book with photographs from the Kobal collection, as they contain very beautiful photography. Whatever your interest, it can usually be found on
Corbis and
Getty Images.
This is the references I have chosen:
I know it isn't of high quality, but that's because it was too big to scan and had to be photographed. I found this image in a book called
'Marilyn' by Jay Harrison, in case you'd like to find it to follow this tutorial exactly.
Outlining
It's important to outline an image before you draw in detail. I didn't use to do this, and my drawings suffered because of it.
Cinematographer Jack Cardiff says "a third-rate artist will draw somebody's face with the eyes the same size and in the right position, but no two eyes are alike on a human face - one will be a bit smaller or a slightly different shape - and a real artist will capture that essence in getting a likeness of the person".
A lot of people draw what they think they see, not what they actually do see. People who are trained in art observe things better - with precision, and they can draw detail because they actually observe the detail of what they see, and then draw it. For example, I know all the flaws in my drawings, because of how I observe. For an attempt of drawing after reading this, I advise drawing Marilyn Monroe, as Cardiff goes on to explain: "If you could measure Marilyn's eyes and facial features, they were almost perfect". Therefore, she'll be good for the experience of drawing, while someone whose features aren't symmetrical would be better to do after practice.
Please remember to draw what you see, not what you think you see!! E.g. nobody has eyelashes like spider legs, but people still draw them like that!
This is my outlined drawing:
I did this by freehand, but by all means use a grid if you want to. I find them hard to use, but I know they work wonders, as seen in
this tutorial. Before I was confident about drawing freehand, I used circles and sausages, and then built up the correct shapes after the basic shapes:
This is was a basic shape drawing would look like. You can easily see what needs to be altered to get the right shape. N.B. Look how well Marilyn's face fits the proportion lines, proving Cardiff's observation.
You can make sure things are accurate by looking at relative measurements
(The arrows on each left eyebrow are the same length as the arrows on each right eyebrow)
Looking out for things that should meet up, should help with accuracy. E.g. The light and dark hairlines meet in the small circle, while the hairline, end of eyebrow and eyelashes meet up in the bigger circle. If things that are meant to meet up but don't, look carefully at your drawing and see what needs to be changed so that they will meet up.
It is important while sketching to step back, as this gives you a good overview of where things are going right and wrong. If you are having difficulty with something, stop drawing and don't look at it at all for a while. This will give you fresh eyes when you do look at it again. I find that photographing my works in progress next to their references on my phone gives a direct comparison and as it's a small screen, it makes things that need changing more obvious.
At this stage, all drawing lines should be very light. You shouldn't be able to tell you went through this stage at all in the finished drawing. The outlined drawing may look odd and not accurate because dark shading is needed to make some areas look smaller and give a more defined shape. Put in some light shading if you're worried about it not being accurate.
Background
When shading and adding detail, it is important to move in these directions.
Which direction you follow depends on which hand you use because you should move in a way in which you drawing hand doesn't smudge what you've already drawn. Because of this, it means usually starting with background or sometimes the hair. If you use a tissue under your drawing hand to protect the paper, you can get away with not following this order. If you are comfortable with this, do the eyes first, as they make or break a portrait!
As I'm right-handed, I'll be starting with the top left corner.
First of all, shade the mid tones of the background fabric with your 4b pencil. With something that's out of focus, like this background, you can get away with not shading tightly, but it is essential to do so when shading the skin.
Now, to remove pencil lines, you need to blend with whatever blending tool you are using. I blend in a slightly circular motion that gradually moves in the necessary direction of the subject. If you are blending something detailed and intricate, there is no need for the circular motion.
After you have done that, you should place the darker tones in with your black graphite pencil (a Mars Lumograph in my case). Shade tightly as they don't blend well, and shade lightly when shading the gradient between mid to dark tone.
Blend again to ensure that the regular graphite and the black graphite merge smoothly.
Add more black if necessary as you want a solid black to as high a contrast as possible.
Using your kneadable eraser, tear a piece off and knead it into this kind of shape:
Then using the pointy part, pick out highlights in the background. Most blending tools don't blend 100% smoothly, so this technique can be used to remove flecks of graphite that make the tone uneven. Make the eraser thinner for more delicate highlights.
Those are the steps I went through for drawing the background. I then completed as much as the background that fell within the direction I was working in, so it looks like this:
Hair
After doing the background, you may notice some excess graphite dust has gathered on the white paper around it. It is important to erase this when you go to draw an area, so that the paper is cleans as when you first started your drawing.
The only way to effectively draw hair, is to give the impression of individual hairs - see the difference between
Catherine Zeta Jones and
Edward Scissorhands? This rule applies to both blonde and dark hair.
Put in the mid tones with your 4B pencil. Note how I have shaded this time, giving the suggestion of individual strands.
Blend, this time no circular motion should be used, instead move in the direction the hair goes.
Add the darkest tones with your black pencil, still drawing the individual strands where needed.
Using your kneadable eraser, pick out the highlights.
You should be finished now, but I needed to make the light and dark stronger. This is something you should be consciously aware of in any drawing you, as contrast is very important to the finished image.
If you do the rest of the hair, this is what it should look like.
Skin
The use of eyeshadow applicators is most noticeable and beneficial when shading skin, as it creates a translucent, glowing effect.
As always, shade your mid tones. Remember to erase excess dust before you start.
Blend with the eyeshadow applicators in a circular motion.
If there are any shades that are too dark, pick them out with the kneadable eraser.
Blend again to even out the light and mid tones. Don't forget to follow the reference's dark and light tones.
If you do the rest of the skin until you reach the eyes, this is what it should look like.
Eyes and Eyebrows
I think the eyes are most people's favourite features when drawing, so it's important to give them justice. I used to be terrible at drawing them, so I practised just drawing eyes, and now I'm alright. As they're usually central in a portrait, they're what people look at first, so if something's off, it tends to be very noticeable.
Firstly, give an all over shade and blend for the eyebrow, using the 4B.
While using the Mars Lumograph, draw individual eyebrow hairs.
Use the kneadable eraser in a point to pick out light areas.
Using the same instructions on skin, draw the eyelid skin between eyelash and eyebrows.
Using the Mars Lumograph, add the eyelashes.
Using the 4B Derwent, shade the iris and very lightly shade the white of the eye. The white, is never completely white and looks flat if shading is not added. As this shading has to be subtle, you may even want to use an applicator that already has graphite on it, instead of a pencil.
Use the kneadable eraser and Mars Lumograph to pick out areas that need lightening and shade areas that darkening. Make sure the catch-light is white.
Back to the 4B now. Lightly shade under the eye. Beware of the inner lid, and draw it if it is there in the reference.
Use the Mars Lumograph to draw the lower lashes, and kneadable eraser to highlight areas not covered by shadows of the eyelashes.
Further shade the skin under the eye.
This is what it should look like now.
Nose
The nose is very difficult to draw, and indeed do a tutorial for because it is only composed of shading. Proportion wise, usually if the nose is incorrect, the chin and other features look out of proportion.
Using the 4B shade the midtones.
Blend with eyeshadow applicators.
With the kneadable eraser, remove uneven tones.
Still using the 4B, add darker shading, and blend and erase when necessary.
(Sorry for the weird appearance - scanner mishap!)
Now add the Mars Lumograph shading.
Now add highlights using the eraser.
This is how it looks after adding the nose and other skin shading.
Mouth
Mouths can be difficult to draw and vary so much, meaning one technique is not necessarily suitable for everyone's mouths. For example, in this reference, Marilyn's lips are very glossy, but
Rita's appear cracked, while
Audrey's are at an awkward angle, and
Johnny's are au natural and without lipstick (thank God!!!). However, as long as you go by the principle of drawing what you see and shade well, you should be fine. I felt it necessary to have teeth in my tutorial, as so many people have commented on how difficult they are, so I hope I help!
Shade the mid-tones of the upper lip with your 4B pencil.
Blend with applicators.
Ordinarily, I would highlight last, though as the Lumographs are difficult to erase, it's best to highlight first when a reference has the lightest and darkest shades so close together.
Add the dark shade of the Lumograph and blend if required. Erase any dust from the teeth when you have finished, making sure they're clean to shade them in.
Lightly shade the gums.
Using an applicator alone, lightly shade the teeth. Think delicate!
Add the teeth lines. I would say this is the only time when the 'draw what you see' rule does not apply. The lines of teeth rarely ever look right, even when drawn completely accurately to the reference. Instead what you must do is give a suggestion of the lines by starting the line from the top of a tooth, and starting it at the bottom, but drawing hardly anything in between. After that is finished, erase areas that are meant to be highlights.
Shade the inside of the mouth, and the lower lip as you shaded the upper one.
This is what the whole sheet should look like now.
Diamonds
The diamonds in my drawings have received their fair share of comments, so I felt that I had to feature diamonds especially, and they're not that difficult to do.
Erase any dust where the diamonds are. Then add those faint lines of shade with your 4B pencil.
Using the Mars Lumograph, add the dark areas.
Now highlight further with your eraser until the diamonds look really sparkly.
And now it can be finished!
Finishing Touches
As I left out her diamond necklace, her neck looks too long, so I cropped it to this:
I think the main difference between this and the reference is that her face is at different angle... which isn't the greatest tragedy and not bad considering I didn't use a grid.
When scanning your image, make sure you use your scanner properly to make the most of your drawing.
victoriandeath has done an excellent
tutorial on scanning.
Remember, for the purpose of this tutorial, I had to draw to this order rigidly, but you don't have to. Think of this as a series of guidelines for each area. Don't be worried if this tutorial doesn't work for you, and by all means ignore anything and everything I've said if you want to try something different. Art is not meant to be restrictive!
If you would like more information on shading and drawing in general, try
this website, and to try other tutorials, look at the
tutorial page at
ThePencilClub.
Well done if you read the whole tutorial (it's bloody long!). If you decide to follow it for one of your drawings, please show me the results!
Many thanks to
hippyofdoom for this awesome tutorial.
Check out her portrait gallery !
